Reconstruction Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Reconstruction Writing - Assignment Example Notably, President Lincoln wanted people to forgive one another and the defeated states to rejoin the Union immediately (â€Å"Houghton Mifflin Company† 1). Conversely, the Radical Republicans in Congress sought to change the South and protect the rights of African Americans (â€Å"Houghton Mifflin Company† 1). Ideally, the United States Congress passed four statutes known as Reconstruction Acts after the civil war, which sought to support Reconstruction by creating five military districts in the South (â€Å"Houghton Mifflin Company† 1). Most specifically, President Lincoln assumed that the defeated states did not seceded from the Union and hence should suffer any punishment. Nevertheless, the Congress opposed his plan. Indeed, when Lincoln died, his successor, President Johnson adopted Lincoln’s plan to the dismay of the Congress. In the reconstruction plan, President Johnson pardoned all Southerners under oath and recognized the governments of defeated states (â€Å"Houghton Mifflin Company† 1). Indeed, by the end of 1865, only one Southern state lacked a new government and suffered from slavery. Nevertheless, the results of the mid-term elections in 1866 eliminated the Presidential Reconstruction and instituted the Congressional Reconstruction as the Radical Republicans gained dominant control in both houses. ... The Congress Reconstruction plan included the establishment of a Freedmen's Bureau to help freed slaves, enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to protect the freed slaves from black codes, passing the 14th Amendment to protect the Civil Rights Act, and passing the Passage of Reconstruction Acts to bar defeated states from rejoining the Union. More specifically, the Reconstruction plan guaranteed universal manhood suffrage, mandated public school systems, and established progressive tax structures. The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Reconstruction Amendments to the United States Constitution sought to help in the implementation of the Reconstruction plan after the Civil war. The amendments empowered the national government over the states where the Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery, Fourteenth Amendment gave blacks full citizenship, and The Fifteenth Amendment recognized the right of African American men to vote (â€Å"Houghton Mifflin Company† 1). Nevertheless, Pre sident Andrew Johnson attempted to veto Congress Reconstruction plans where the Congress had curtailed his powers through the Tenure of Office Act. However, President Andrew Johnson violated the restraining act, which propelled the Congress to impeach him (â€Å"Digital History† 1). Personally, the Congress Reconstruction plan is seemingly the best plan subject to its encouraging results. Indeed, under the Congress Reconstruction plan, black and white people were able to access public schools, homestead exemptions, and there was equal distribution of public resources (â€Å"Prentice Hall† 1). Furthermore, although President Johnson’s plan was significant in appointing military governors to

Arab Women and Their Spouses Essay -- Marriage Middle Eastern Culture

Arab Women and Their Spouses In many societies, the relationships between people differ and in some ways are all alike. None so obscure as the relationship between man and woman. It is especially intriguing to witness the compatibility of both especially in marriage. Using the three novels Pillars of Salt, by Fadia Faqir, A Woman of Five Seasons, by Leila Al-Atrash, and A Balcony over the Fakihani, by Liyana Badr one might begin to analyze the different relationships between men and women in Arab culture. While any relationship is uniquely different, these novels will aid in getting a better idea about Arab women and their husbands. The stories begin with the novel Pillars of Salt where Maha and Um Saad are roommates in a mental hospital. Born a Bedouin woman by the Red Sea, in Jordan, Maha was a young woman living with her father and callous brother, when she became familiar with Harb, another man of their tribe. One night, while Maha was telling a particular story to Harb, he dismissed the subject and asked if she could meet with him that night. To Maha?s astonishment she replied, "Are you mad? For a girl to be out at night is a crime of honor. They will shoot me between the eyes" (p10). This secret meeting would be forbidden by the tribe because a woman?s virginity was held sacred and if it were taken away there would be little to no chance of marriage or respect, as it was for Maha?s friend Nasra, who was raped by Maha?s brother. Later on, a wedding proposal occurred when the dignitaries of the tribe came and asked Maha?s father for the hand of Maha, in the name of Harb. After slight hesitation by Maha?s father, because he was giving away his only daughter, the deal was sealed and Harb gave five camels to his fut... ... answer is living without this respect. Unfortunately, Um Saad exemplifies this characteristic and therefore becomes insane. More commonly, the end appears with the unexpected death of the husband. Each dying in some sort of battle, Maha?s, Yusra?s, and Su?ad?s husbands were all kind men, who respected their wives and never hurt them irreverently. It is with this that the say goes "good men die young". While that has nothing to do with Arab culture specifically, it does seem to be a continuing theme in these novels, by Arab women. Where war and detachment in their world lead them on an emotional rollercoaster ride, these women are forced to form attachments with others, who are most likely their husbands. These relationships are all individual, and therefore not always the case, but very clearly point out logical and possible situations in Arab culture marriages.

Kant’s Moral Rationality Essay

In Kant’s book, The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, he believes that the â€Å"good will† is only good in itself and that reason is what produces the â€Å"goodness† of the â€Å"good will.† According to Kant, to act out of a â€Å"good will† means to act out of â€Å"duty,† or doing something because you find it necessary to do. Also, â€Å"good will† is will that is in accordance with reason. He believes everyone has a moral obligation or duty to do actions and he backs his theory up by discussing his idea of the â€Å"moral law.† The â€Å"moral law†, according to Kant, is when one is to act in accordance with the demands of practical reason, or acting done solely out of respect of duty. He says that moral laws will make you will in a certain way and is not subject to something further. Moral laws apply to all rational being in all places at all times. Overall, he believes that morality is on a basis of a priori, or preceding experience. This type of moral law commands us to be truthful from respect for the law and to do the right thing. Morality is about categorical commands that we ought to follow simply because it is the right thing to do. By categorical commands, or categorical imperative, it is supposed to provide us with a way to make moral judgments, which means it is a law. It is a way of coming up with the idea how any action can be rational. He means since all externals are taken from morality, moral commands must be categorical. In his book, Kant explains that he makes five things perfect clear: 1. All moral concepts have their origin entirely a priori in reason. 2. Moral concepts can’t be formed by abstraction from any empirical knowledge or, therefore, from anything contingent. 3. This purity or non-empiricalness of origin is what gives them the dignity of serving as supreme practical principles. 4. Any addition of something empirical takes away just that much of their influence and of the unqualified worth of actions performed in accordance with them. 5. Not only is it necessary in developing a moral theory but also important in our practical lives that we derive the concepts and laws of morals from pure reason and present them pure and unmixed, determining the scope of this entire practical but pure rational knowledge. (Kant 17) Kant goes on to discuss a relationship between the moral law and reason. He says that moral philosophy cannot be merely an empirical inquiry, but that is must be a metaphysical inquiry, and that it must be based on pure practical reason. Pure practical reason is the reason that drives actions without any sensible incentives. Kant also states that Morality is based neither on utility or nature, but on human reason. And this human reason tells us what we ought to do and when we obey this human reason, then we can say we are truly free. Finally, Kant discusses why he thinks that the moral is the rational. He believes that acting dutifully is the same as doing something because rationality tells you to do it. In section three, he discusses how moral principles come from yourself, or your rationality. And how one should treat the idea of will of every rational being as a universal law. Thus, rationality requires us to be moral.

About Architect Steven Holl, Time, Space, and Light

I was in the Washington, DC convention center when Steven Holl accepted the 2012 AIA Gold Medal, the highest honor bestowed by the American Institute of Architects. I listened to Holls watercolor-like speech over the loudspeakers, as I rushed through the hallways, running late.   Architecture is an art bridging the humanities and the sciences, Holl said. We work bone-deep in Art—drawing lines between sculpture, poetry, music and science that coalesce in Architecture. That, I thought, is architecture. Steven Myron Holl is known for his strong viewpoints and his beautiful watercolors. He is constantly painting, both in words and with brushes. He also is known as the thinking mans architect, an intellectual philosopher who connects disciplines. Background: Born: December 9, 1947, Bremerton, Washington Education: 1971, BA, University of WashingtonPostgraduate study in Rome, Italy and the Architectural Association School of Architecture, London, UK Professional Experience: 1976-present: Steven Holl Architects, http://www.stevenholl.com/; Twitter at stevenhollarch1981-present: Tenured Professor of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, Columbia University, NYCChris McVoy, Senior Partner at Steven Holl Architects, co-designs with Holl in addition to his pracitce with Beth ONeill, ONeill McVoy Architects Design Philosophy: Rather than imposing a style upon different sites and climates, or pursued irrespective of program, the unique character of a program and a site becomes the starting point for an architectural idea. While anchoring each work in its specific site and circumstance, Steven Holl Architects endeavors to obtain a deeper beginning in the experience of time, space, light and materials. The phenomena of the space of a room, the sunlight entering through a window, and the color and reflection of materials on a wall and floor all have integral relationships. The materials of architecture communicate through resonance and dissonance, just as instruments in musical composition, producing thought and sense-provoking qualities in the experience of a place. —About Steven Holl Architects, website at www.stevenholl.com/studio.php?typeabout, accessed September 22, 2014 Selected Architecture Projects 1991: Void Space/Hinged Space Housing, Fukuoka, Japan1996: Makuhari Bay New Town, Chiba, Japan1997: Chapel of St. Ignatius, Seattle University, Washington1998: Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art, Helsinki, Finland2002: Memorial Square by Meier, Eisenman, Gwathmey/Siegel, Holl , unrealized proposed design to redevelop Ground Zero, Lower Manhattan2002: Simmons Hall, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts2007: Lewis Center for the Arts, Princeton University, New Jersey2007: The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art Bloch Building Addition, Kansas City, Missouri2009: Linked Hybrid, Beijing, China2009: Vanke Center Horizontal Skyscraper, Shenzhen, China2009: Knut Hamsun Center, Hamarà ¸y, Norway2012: Expansion Project, John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Washington, DC2012: Danish Natural History Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark2013: Campbell Sports Center, Columbia University, New York2014: Reid Building, The Glasgow School of Art, Glasgow, Scotland2014: Beirut Mar ina at Zaitunay Bay, Beirut, Lebanon2016: Visual Arts Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa2016: Institute for Contemporary Art, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia2017: Expansion of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Washington, DC Furniture: A2-Chair, 2013A-Chair, 1980, 2005Riddled Table, lasercut, 2006, 2007 Awards: 2014: Praemium Imperiale International Arts Award, Japan Art Association2012: Gold Medal, American Institute of Architects (AIA)2010: Jencks Award, Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)2009: BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award1998: Alvar Aalto Medal, Finland1998: La Grande Medaille dOr, Academy of Architecture, France1990: Arnold W. Brunner Memorial Prize, American Academy of Arts and Letters In the Words of Steve Holl: From the Five Minute Manifesto, 2012 The essential power of Architecture is PARALLAX: the horizontal and vertical movement through forms and light over time, as we—our bodies—pass by, walk up, go inside, walk through inspired space. The joy and ambiguity of SCALELESSNESS excites the imagination through Mysteries of Proportion like Fibonaccis - 0, 1, 1, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 †¦ - which wakes us to Geometrical Feeling. Forget mono-functional buildings! Make Hybrid Buildings: Living Working Recreation Culture Make a New Fusion of landscape, architecture, and URBANISM, a fusion of luminosity and porosity into Cities of Matter with spirit. Make New Cities—our greatest artwork—with the same urgency as we restore the natural landscape and biodiversity. Selected Writings and Paintings by Steven Holl: Anchoring, Princeton Architectural Press, 1989Edge of a City, Pamphlet Architecture 13, Princeton Architectural Press, 1991Parallax, Princeton Architectural Press, 2000Written in Water, Lars Muller Publishers, 2002House: Black Swan Theory, Princeton Architectural Press, 2007Steven Holl: Architecture Spoken, Rizzoli, 2007Urbanisms: Working with Doubt, Princeton Architectural Press, 2009New Haiti Villages, Pamphlet Architecture 31, Princeton Architectural Press, 2010Scale, Lars Muller Publisher, 2012Horizontal Skyscraper, William Stout Publishers, 2011 Who is Steve Holl? Holl is viewed as assertive by people who are trying to be complimentary, and as a bull in a china shop by people who aren’t, comments architecture critic Paul Goldberger in The New Yorker magazine. Arguably, Holls Vanke Center in China is the architecture that fulfills his philosophical vision. Imagine the Empire State Building on its side, with giant piers cradling the structure several stories above a ground prone to natural disasters. The multi-use horizontal skyscraper incorporates sustainable design and urban planning. Mr. Holl has designed a building that pushes its users to stop and think about the world around them, says Nicolai Ouroussoff in The New York Times. It is an architecture that opens doors to new possibilities. The answers he supplies in all of his designs draw from architecture, of course, but also from engineering, science, art, philosophy, and literature, writes Zach Mortice, Managing Editor of AIArchitect. Holl is the rare architect who can combine these gentlemanly pursuits (he often develops designs by painting them in water colors, for example) and use them as source material and method for buildings that aggressively push the edge of what’s possible. Sources: Lenses on the Lawn by Paul Goldberger, The New Yorker, April 30, 2007; Five Minute Manifesto, Steven Holl, Washington, D.C., AIA Gold Medal Ceremony, May 18, 2012 [accessed October 31, 2014]; Steven Holl, 2014 Laureate in Architecture, The Japan Art Association at www.praemiumimperiale.org/en/component/k2/item/310-holl [accessed September 22, 2014]; Turning Design on Its Side by Nicolai Ouroussoff, The New York Times, June 27, 2011 [accessed November 1, 2014]

College Information A-Z Profiles with Admissions Data

By following the links below, youll find college information such as acceptance rates, average SAT and ACT scores, college costs, financial aid information, enrollment numbers, college descriptions, photos, scholarship information, and other useful data to help you choose a college. 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Life Choices in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken and...

Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† both portray weighing of choices in life. The former is about youth and experiencing life and the latter is about old age, or more probably, an old spirit wearied by life. In both poems the speaker is in a critical situation where he has to choose between two paths in life. In â€Å"The Road Not taken† the speaker chooses the unconventional approach to the decision making process, thus showing his uniqueness and challenging mentality while in â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† the speaker seeks a life without any pain and struggle but at the end, he has to comply with social obligation, which reflects his responsibility towards the society. In the poem, â€Å"The†¦show more content†¦By choosing the harder path, the speaker declares his rebellion against the popular opinion as represented by the other road. He decides not to conform to society and takes up a less popular choice. When considering his choices the speaker shows the typical human reaction. He considers taking both paths at first. He says, â€Å"Oh I kept the first for another day†, but later confesses he â€Å"doubted if [he] should ever come back† (13-15). Thus the poem’s significance lies in the speakers making a decision by choosing a road and moving on with his life. The act of choosing the road represents his uniqueness and the fact that he is always moving forward, even without stopping. Like â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, in â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening†, the speaker has to make a big decision in his life. He has to choose between isolation and social obligation. At first glance, this poem might denote stopping in the woods to escape the hustle and bustle of city life. Different symbols in this poem though reveal that stop in the poem could be referring to death. In this phrase â€Å"Between the woods and frozen lake†, the wood becomes a symbol of life where frozen lake signifies death. When the speaker reaches the woods, he finds a world offering perfect, quiet and solitude, existing side by side with the realization that there is also another world, a world of people and social obligation. BothShow MoreRelatedEssay about An Analysis Of Nature In The W606 Words   |  3 Pages An Analysis of Nature in the works of Robert Frost When reading poetry by Robert Frost the theme of nature is strongly present and persistent. Robert Frost uses the world around him to create a mystic feeling to his writings, almost giving the reader a sense of nostalgia. The influence of nature in Frost’s works creates a palette to paint a picture filled with symbolism for the reader to interpret. The nature in the poems makes the poem an intimate piece in which most readers can identify withRead MoreEssay Biography of Robert Frost1886 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"Rightly or wrongly, Robert Frost has achieved a reputation as a poet of nature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gerber 155). Yes, Frost does use imagery of nature in his poems, but to say he is a â€Å"nature poet† is distorting his poetry by overlooking the poem’s darker complexions (Gerber 155). An aspect of his poems that is frequently overlooked is the main character’s internal conflict. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and â€Å"Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening† characters are faced with an inner conflict metaphorically describedRead MoreJourney Of Journey1383 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout life everyone has their own journey that they are going to take. Some journeys are goal oriented such as a search for adventure, recognition or riches. Sometimes the journey is to get away and to understand more of what the world has to offer. We all take journeys of self-discovery from childhood to adulthood that reveals our experiences which has shaped us. However, the journey is not always an easy road to take ¬ but it is worth taking. When people go through their journey they may experienceRead MoreStopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening1415 Words   |  6 PagesEvery thirteen minutes, there is a life lost in the United States due to suicide. This killer that accounts for over 38,000 deaths per year is often triggered by feelings of helplessness and the inability to cope (Suicide Facts). Many people who suffer from feelings of self-despair mistakenly believe that ending their lives is the ant idote to their pain. Robert Frost’s poems, â€Å"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening,† â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† and â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† each have distinct moods andRead MoreEssay about Robert Lee Frost1452 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Lee Frost The mark of a great poet is his ability to engage the reader so that they analyse their own lives. Robert Lee Frost (1874 – 1963) – an influential American poet often associated with rural New England – is brilliant at this and uses poetry as a platform for the expression of his own general ideology. Frost’s belief that human society was often chaotic and stressful and that the meaning of life is elusive, has been promoted in his poetry. Frost looked to nature, whose undyingRead MoreThree Elements Of Robert Frost Poetry1145 Words   |  5 PagesThere are three common elements that feature in much of Robert Frost’s poetry. The first is a portrayal of nature through vivid imagery (as appears in â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay†), which partially stems from Frost’s life as a farmer in rural New England (Pritchard). The second is a discussion of depression, darkness, and death (as appears in â€Å"Out, Out—† and â€Å"Acquainted with the Night†), which issues from Frost’s own experiences after his 3-year-old son, mother, and grandfather died within two years ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Four Time Pulitzer Prize Recipient Robert Frost 868 Words   |  4 PagesFour time Pulitzer Prize recipient Robert Frost was an American poet who was exceedingly popular in the twentieth century. It’s easy to assume that almost every American with a high school equivalent education has heard of or read his work. Which I had before this class, although I had never really taken an interest in poetry or any poet in particular until this semester. As we grow older our perception of the world and the components of it change, this was the case for my newly found kinship withRead More Robert Frost - A Comparisson Of 3 Poems Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pages Comparing Frost’s amp;quot;Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningamp;quot;, amp;quot;Birchesamp;quot;, and amp;quot;The Road Not takenamp;quot; Robert Frost was an American poet that first became known after publishing a book in England. He soon came to be one of the best-known and loved American poets ever. He often wrote of the outdoors and the three poems that I will compare are of that amp;quot;outdoorsyamp;quot; type. There are several likenesses and differences in these poems. TheyRead MoreThe Life Of Robert Frost ( 1874-1963 )1683 Words   |  7 PagesWhile he lived Robert Frost (1874-1963) enjoyed the recognition as an accomplished po-et. He was a multiple Pulitzer Prize recipient as well as of the honor of the Congressional Gold Medal. Considered one of the finest modernist poets of the twentieth century his poems to this day are admired for the depiction of the bucolic nature of New England and his practiced use of the everyday spoken word. Mr. Frost was born in California in later moving across the country to Lawrence, Massa-chusetts in 1885Read MoreAmbiguity in Robert Frosts Works2796 Words   |  12 Pages November 10, 2012 Introduction to Poetry Section 01 Ambiguity and Dark Undertones in Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† Robert Frost and his poetry were adored by the American public, as both were often thought to embody deeply cherished American values such as freedom, independence, nobility and rising to the occasion. The narrator of Frost’s works are often presumed to be Frost himself, as his public audience idolized him for standing for

Psychology of Love Free Essays

string(40) " brain to the other organs of the body\." of Triangular Love Theory and The Effects on Our Brain Merry Alijoski College of New Rochelle Author Note This paper was prepared for Psychology 101, taught by Professor Hertler. Abstract This paper presents the classification of love in Robert Sternberg’s triangular love theory and how the brain falls in love within the three components of love. The research findings hold significance to people who are or have been in love and have interest in classifying their love and understanding how they love. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology of Love or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper, research is cited to attempt and solve the biological mystery behind love and how love can be broken down into components. The brain plays a major role in loving other people and the components help define our relationships with the opposite sex. To gather information and results on this topic, I analyzed several books and articles on the psychology, evolution, and brain reactions of love. As a result of completing the above procedure, studies show how dopamine creates happy feelings. Sternberg’s triangular love theory provides components that have scores which increase and decrease over time. The larger implication of my findings reveals how love is complex and so is the biological process of it. Keywords: love, brain, components Introduction What is love? The definition is infinite. In history, scholars have primarily studied the nature of love. For instance, in 1886, the German pioneering sexologist and physician Richard von Krafft-Ebing classified five types of love. These types were known as true love, sentimental love, platonic love, friendship, and sensual love. Albert Ellis (1954) suggested further love varieties: â€Å"Love itself . . . ncludes many different types and degrees of affection, such as conjugal love, parental love, familial love, religious love, love of humanity, love of animals, love of things, self-love, sexual love, obsessive-compulsive love, etc. † (p. 101). Love is very complex and has been broken down into many theories such as the triangular love theory, types of love, and styles of love by Robert Sternberg. In terms of the biological as pect of love, it is extremely difficult to explain. Discoveries show how the brain processes though the body when a man or woman selects a mate. Results suggest that the â€Å"chemistry† of attraction between people comes from chemical processes within the brain. Components of Triangular Love Theory Robert Sternberg (1986, 1998) identified three terms of three basic components that create the vertices of the love triangle, known as intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment. The intimacy component refers to close, connected, and bonded feelings in loving relationships (Sternberg, 1989, p. 120). The passionate component has the motivational drive that can lead to such romantic and physical attraction, sexual consummation, and related wonders. Many factors contribute to passion such as the need for sexual arousal, self-esteem, association with people, power over others, obedience to others, and to achieve one’s potential. The decision and commitment component consists of two aspects, one short term and one long term. In a short term relationship, the decision one loves someone. Long term relationships consist of commitment to maintain that love. In most cases, decision will encourage commitment. If the love components begin to combine, then eight subsets that represent the classification of love are created. These eight types are extremes for reality. On occasion, someone would have an instance in which there is passion with no intimacy at all. The following represents the triangular love theory including the eight subsets. Figure 1. 1 Sternberg’s triangular theory of love represents the three components of love and they are shown in the vertices of the triangle. The different types of love formed through various combinations of the components are in the brackets of the triangle. _____________________________________________________________________________________ SOURCE: From Sternberg, R. J. (1988). Triangulating love. In R. J. Sternberg M. L. Barnes (Eds. ), The psychology of love (pp. 119-138). Each component of love has feelings that we experience when meeting a person who can be a potential long term mate. With the use of different chemicals, the brain regulates these feelings. To stimulate long term commitment all sections must be involved. However, this often does not happen. â€Å"While these brain circuits and emotions work with each other in a safe and fulfilling love relationship, they can and do function independently of one another. You can be bonded with one person, infatuated with another and have sex with yet a third person† (Schaeffer, pg 27). Schaeffer’s statement connects to the three-brain system theory. The main idea of the theory is that there are three sections of the brains of humans have developed along with the brain of previous animal ancestors. Our brains are not too different from animals because the main difference is that our brain functions on three different levels. Such aspects of the human brain are reasons for diverse attraction cues and how they vary based on the person when choosing a mate. Intimacy In detail, the intimacy component alone, which is identified as liking, occurs in certain instances. Such liking occurs when someone experiences only the intimacy component of love during the absence of the passion and decision/commitment components. The person often feels closeness, a bond, and warmth toward each other, without intense passion or long term commitment. The passion component, unlike the intimacy component, has passion without commitment and intimacy. Intimacy or liking, associates with attraction and how the sense of sight allows one to see the image of an attraction person, creating an effect on the brain. The chemical that results from physical attraction (or lust) is phenyl ethylamine or PEA. It is a naturally occurring amphetamine substance from within the brain that stimulates and increases physical and emotional energy. The initial attraction between two individuals causes one to produce more PEA which results in those dizzying feelings associated with romantic love. Another substance that is released by PEA is dopamine. This chemical increases a desire to be physically close and intimately connected. When these chemicals are being secreted in larger doses, they send signals from the brain to the other organs of the body. You read "Psychology of Love" in category "Essay examples" If you wonder why you or someone is attracted to the â€Å"wrong† person, it may be because you are high on the physical response to these substances, which overwhelm your ability to use your head and exercise â€Å"good judgment and common sense† (True Love and Chemistry). Attraction is extremely powerful and it can be the source of a long lasting relationship. Research shows that signals that come from the body can have an effect of a person’s feelings of attraction for another. Psychologists Donald G. Dutton and Arthur P. Aron created three experiments which show a relationship between strong levels of anxiety and attraction. Male passersby’s were communicated either on a fear-arousing suspension bridge or a non-fear arousing bridge by a beautiful female evaluator who asked them to fill out questionnaires. Aside from the control group, there were results proving that more anxiety was produced during the experimental bridge. In other words, attraction caused anxiety. Passion The passion component alone, classified as infatuated, is commonly phrased as being â€Å"love at first sight†. In this particular component, love is changed into obsession by treating the partner as an idealized object rather than as him or himself. There is a cure for infatuation and one must get to know the object of one’s infatuation very well. An alternative solution is to become convinced that one has absolutely no hope of attaining the object of one’s infatuation. Infatuations major problem is that it tends to be obsessive. People experiencing infatuation tend to steadily focus on the love, which causes one to waste time, energy, and motivation from other significant things in one’s life. On Robert’s triangle, infatuated love relationships form in an asymmetrical figure. In research (Sternberg Barnes 1985) reveals that the higher the degree of asymmetry, the increasing chance that a relationship is prone to distress. The passion component, or infatuation stage, is correlated with being intoxicated. These feelings originate from chemical of dopamine. PEA is a substance that discharges dopamine and when we fall in love our brain directs signals for additional dopamine. People are in a happy state of mind due to dopamine’s effects on us. These feelings are common when we have â€Å"butterflies† or we are â€Å"weak in the knees† during the time we are around the person we love. A study created in 2002 by an anthropologist named Helen Fisher, revealed these feelings due to the distribution of dopamine. Fisher gathered 40 young participants who were madly in love. Half were loved in return, while the other half was experiencing love rejection. Each participant was placed in a MRI with a picture of their beloved and one of an acquaintance. They all stared at the photo of their sweetheart for 30 seconds, then after a distraction, they would look at the acquaintance photo for another 30 seconds. Everyone was switching back and forth for approximately 12 minutes. This study discovered that the photos of the participant’s sweetheart’s created the distribution of dopamine into various sections of the brain including the posterior dorsal caudate and its tail, which are the main parts of the brains system for reward and motivation. In cases where dopamine levels are high the feeling of falling in love is rapid and powerful, causing an obsession to occur with the person who gives them that feeling. The increasing levels of dopamine explain why people long for the feeling that loved one give them. Decision/commitment One of the most meaningless components has to be the decision/commitment component alone, known as empty love. The empty love forms as a result from someone simply making a decision to love one another without intimacy or passion being present. Usually this type of love is found in motionless relationships and marriages that have lost the attraction and emotional support for one another. Lazarus (1985) identifies that when marriage is solely based on commitment, the other missing components are very difficult to restore in the marriage. Empty love is known for being one-sided in the triangle. After Sternberg explained the components in an individual manner, he began combining the components and created different forms of love. Commitment is connected to how the human brain correlates with reproduction. We are biologically made to reproduce and carry on genes. â€Å"As far as your genes are concerned, your principal job while you’re alive is to conceive offspring, bring them to adulthood and then obligingly die so you don’t consume resources better spent on the young. Anything that encourages you to reed now and breed plenty gets that job done† (The Science of Romance). These drives are contributed to the process of selecting a partner with the help of biological cues. Today’s society refers this process to â€Å"romance† and a feeling of â€Å"love†. Our society has changed the drives for commitment with others. There is an excess amount of time devoted to the process of lov e instead of reproducing children. Commitment is a significant factor for having healthier babies but the societies today are focusing on how and why people have decided to commit to one spouse. Kinds of Love Romantic love is formed through the combination of intimacy and passion. People who experience romantic love have a physical attraction and emotions for one another. For example, a summer love can demonstrate romantic love, but there is not a real chance for it to last beyond the summer. Such lovers feel an intense passion for one another and feel that they can bare their souls to one another as well. A counter argument is given by Hartfield and Walster (1981) by stating that romantic love does not differ from infatuation. Many possibilities may occur in such a love. Romantic lovers can realize that they may or may not have many things in common. In some cases, a friendship can easily change into a romantic love, due to the admiration for one another and the passion that draws them together. Companionable love results from the combination of intimacy and decision/commitment components of love. Companionate love is identified as a long-term committed friendship. The passion goes away although the intimacy remains. Most people are happy with this type of love. However, some people find it difficult living without some kind of romance going on. As a solution, people might have affairs to feed their hunger for such romance. Fatuous love requires the combination of passion and the decision/commitment components of love. Hollywood courtships experience fatuous love most of time. Once the passion wears out, commitment is left. However, commitment requires a lot of time and energy to develop. People involved in fatuous love think that marriage is heaven and a solution to all their worries and concerns. They are not aware of what is required to maintain a marriage. These people sacrifice a lot for passion and lack intimacy. The combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment forms consummate love. All components being present in consummate love allow people to strive for this type of love, especially those in romantic relationships. Having this love can be extremely difficult, but maintaining this love is far more challenging. We do not seek consummate love because we have the tendency to reserve it for those that have much more meaning for us. The following chart shows Sternberg’s typology of the love relationships. ————————————————- Table 1. Sternberg’s Typology of Love Relationships Love Component ___________________________ Kind of Love Relationship Intimacy Passion Decision/Commitment Nonlove Low Low Low Liking High Low Low Infatuation Low High Low Empty love Low Low High Romantic love High High Low Companionate love High Low High Fatuous love Low High High Consummate love High High High ______________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: According to Sternberg (e. . , 1986), the three basic components of love—intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment—combine to produce eight different types of love relationship. For example, infatuation-based relationships are characterized by relatively high levels of passion but relatively low levels of intimacy and commitment. Evidence for Sternberg’s Triangular Love Theory Sternberg designed a questionnaire, the Sternberg Triangular Love SCALE (STLS), in order to measure the components of love in his theory. Few studies were done on the scale alone (e. g. Sternberg, 191987, 1997; Whitley, 1993). The scale has proven to have good measures of the components, particularly of passion and commitment. Scores were stable for up to two months for the same relationship. Sternberg made assumptions that over time the scores will change. In one study, there were 204 adul t participants between the ages 18 to 68; 65 percent were married (Acker Davis, 1992). On average, the relationships were going for 9. 5 years. As Sternberg predicted, the scores of commitment raised within relationships that shifted from dating to marriage. Robert’s prediction of intimacy decreasing over time was also proven in the study. However, two different measures of intimacy increased over time. A different study assessed German adults for their relationship between the three components, sexual activity, and satisfaction (Grau Kimpf, 1993). In the theory, it is predicted that the measurement of passion should be strongly correlated to sexual activity, but the results prove that intimacy is closely related to sexual behavior and sexual satisfaction. Conclusions and Future Study The preceding information matters because love is hard to define and varies for others, which makes Sternberg’s theory an informative model of all types of relationships. An addition to all the components, information on how the brain works while falling in love, allows people to understand the biological process of love. Love can be classified in many forms and the brain helps select our mates based on the innate genetics of needing to reproduce. Arguments in the paper fit together and prove the thesis statement, such as dopamine creating happy feelings when in love and gene’s principle job is to reproduce. Further steps that need to be taken in the area of the papers research, is researching the purpose of love. There can be a study done on participants and how they view of the purpose of love. Objective information should come from science and religion. Then the subjective and objective findings can be compared and contrasted to form a conclusion. | ReferencesFisher, H. , Aron, A. , Brown, L. (2005). Dr Helen Fisher – Biological Anthropologist – Home Page. Retrieved from http://www. helenfisher. com/downloads/articles/13JourCompNeur. pdfFisher, H. E. (1992). Anatomy of love: The natural history of monogamy, adultery, and divorce. New York: Norton. Franzoi, S. L. (2009). Social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Regan (2002, October 30). General Theories of Love. SAGE – the natural home for authors, editors and societies. SAGE is a leading international publisher of journals, books, and electronic media for academic, educational, and professional markets: Welcome to Sage. Retrieved from http://www. sagepub. com/upm-data/3222_ReganChapter1_Final. pdfSchaeffer, B. (2009). Is it love or is it addiction? The book that changed the way we think about romance and intimacy. Center City, Minn: Hazelden. Sternberg, R. J. , Barnes, M. L. (1988). The Psychology of love. New Haven: Yale University Press. The Science of Romance: Why We Love – TIME. (2009, November 6). Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews – TIME. com. Retrieved from http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0 ,9171,1704672,00. htmlTrue Love and Chemistry: Exploring Myth and Reality. (2009, November 6). Retrieved from http://www. enotalone. com/article/2946. html| | How to cite Psychology of Love, Essay examples